How To Say United States In Thai
| Languages of Thailand | |
|---|---|
 Sign at Hua Hin railway station in Thai, English language, Cantonese, Japanese and Korean. | |
| Official | Central Thai |
| Vernacular | Central Thai, Southern Thai, Isan, Northern Thai |
| Minority |
|
| Immigrant |
|
| Strange |
|
| Signed | Ban Khor Sign Linguistic communication, Chiangmai Sign Language, Erstwhile Bangkok Sign Linguistic communication, Thai Sign Language |
| Keyboard layout | Kedmanee layout |
Thailand is home to 71 living languages,[1] with the majority of people speaking languages of the Southwestern Tai family, and the national language being Thai. Lao is spoken along the borders with the Lao PDR, Karen languages are spoken along the edge with Myanmar, Central khmer is spoken almost Kingdom of cambodia and Malay is spoken in the south near Malaysia. Sixty-two 'domestic' languages are officially recognized, and international languages spoken in Thailand, primarily past international workers, expatriates and business organisation people, include Burmese, Karen, English language, Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese, amidst others.[2]
Officially recognized languages [edit]
National breakdown [edit]
The following table comprises all 62 ethnolinguistic groups recognized past the Royal Thai Government in the 2011 Country Written report to the UN Committee responsible for the International Convention for the Emptying of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, available from the Department of Rights and Liberties Promotion of the Thai Ministry of Justice.[iii] : three
| Kra-Dai | Austroasiatic | Sino-Tibetan | Austronesian | Hmong-Mien |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Groups | 22 Groups | 11 Groups | 3 Groups | 2 Groups |
| Kaleung | Kasong | Guong (Ugong) | Malay (Malayu / Nayu / Yawi) | Hmong (Meo) |
| Northern Thai | Kuy / Kuay | Karen (seven subfamilies) | Moken / Moklen | Mien (Yao) |
| Tai Dam | Khmu | - South'gaw Karen | Urak Lawoi' | |
| Nyaw | Thailand Khmer, Northern Khmer | - Pwo Karen | ||
| Khün | Chong | - Kaya Karen | ||
| Central Thai | Sa'och | - Bwe Karen | ||
| Thai Korat | Kensiu | - Pa'O | ||
| Thai Takbai | Samre | - Padaung Karen | ||
| Thai Loei | Thavung | - Kayo Karen | ||
| Tai Lue | So | Jingpaw / Kachin | ||
| Tai Ya | Nyah Kur (Chaobon) | Chinese | ||
| Shan | Nyeu | Yunnanese Chinese | ||
| Southern Thai | Bru (Kha) | Bisu | ||
| Phu Thai | Blang (Samtao) | Burmese | ||
| Phuan | Palaung (Dala-ang) | Lahu (Muzur) | ||
| Yong | Mon | Lisu | ||
| Yoy | Lawa | Akha | ||
| Lao Khrang | Mlabri (Tongluang) | Mpi | ||
| Lao Ngaew | Lamet (Lua) | |||
| Lao Ti | Lavua (Lawa / Lua) | |||
| Lao Wiang/Lao Klang | Wa | |||
| Lao Lom | Vietnamese | |||
| Lao Isan | ||||
| Saek |
Regional breakdown [edit]
Regional language information is express. The following table shows all the language families of Northeast Thailand, as recognized in the written report which is the source for the national breakdown.
| Tai Language Family | Persons | Austroasiatic Language Family | Persons |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lao Esan / Thai Lao | 13,000,000 | Thailand Khmer / Northern Khmer | ane,400,000 |
| Primal Thai | 800,000 | Kuy / Kuay (Suay) | 400,000 |
| Thai Khorat / Tai Beung / Tai Deung | 600,000 | And so | seventy,000 |
| Thai-Loei | 500,000 | Bru | combined |
| Phu Thai | 500,000 | Vietnamese | twenty,000 |
| Ngaw | 500,000 | Nyeu | ten,000 |
| Kaleung | 200,000 for | Nyah Kur / Chao Bon / Khon Dong | 7,000 |
| Yoy | Kaleung, Yoy and Phuan | So (Thavaung) | 1,500 |
| Phuan | combined | Mon | ane,000 |
| Tai-dam (Vocal) | (not specified) | ||
| Full: | xvi,103,000 | Total: | 1,909,000 |
| Cannot specify ethnicity and amount: | 3,288,000 | ||
| 21,300,000 |
Note that numbers of speakers are for the Northeast region just. Languages may have boosted speakers outside the Northeast.
Provincial breakdown [edit]
Provincial-level language data is express; those interested are directed to the Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand resource,[four] or to the Ethnologue Thailand land report.
| Province | Khmer % in 1990 | Khmer % in 2000 |
|---|---|---|
| Buriram[five] | 0.iii% | 27.6% |
| Chanthaburi[6] | 0.6% | 1.6% |
| Maha Sarakham[7] | 0.2% | 0.iii% |
| Roi Et[8] | 0.four% | 0.5% |
| Sa Kaew[9] | Northward/A | 1.9% |
| Sisaket[x] | xxx.2% | 26.ii% |
| Surin[11] | 63.4% | 47.2% |
| Trat[12] | 0.iv% | 2.1% |
| Ubon Ratchathani[13] | 0.viii% | 0.3% |
Topolects [edit]
The sole official language of Thailand is Key Thai (Siamese), a native linguistic communication in Central (including the Bangkok Metropolitan Region), Southwestern, and Eastern Thailand, along with Thai Chinese indigenous enclaves in outer parts of the country such as Hatyai, Bandon, Nangrong, and Mueang Khonkaen. Central Thai is a Kra-Dai language closely related to Lao, Shan, and numerous indigenous languages of southern China and northern Vietnam. It is the main language of education and authorities and is spoken throughout the state. The standard is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida that evolved from the Central khmer script.
There are several Thai topolects. The Fundamental Thai and Southern Thai is successors of Sukhothai language which developed during 17th century. Northern Thai is spoken in the northern provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of Lan Na, while Isan (a Thai variant of Lao) and Phu Thai are native languages of the northeast. All languages are partially mutually intelligible with Primal Thai, with the caste depending on standard sociolinguistic factors. Although all are classified every bit a separate language by most linguists, the Thai government has historically treated them every bit dialects of one "Thai linguistic communication" for political reasons of Thai national identity building.
the Lao-based Isan in the Northeast and Kham muang in the North, is precarious given that they are non well supported in Thailand'southward linguistic communication education policy.[14] The Peranakan in Southern Thailand speak Southern Thai at domicile.
Minority languages [edit]
The position of all minority languages, including the largest, i.e., Yawi in the far s, a dialect of Malay, is the primary community language of the Malay Muslims. Central khmer is spoken by older Northern Khmer. Varieties of Chinese are as well spoken by the older Thai Chinese population, with the Teochew dialect being best represented. Still, the vast majority of Thai Chinese and Northern Khmer speaking Central Thai.
Sign languages [edit]
Several village sign languages are reported among the mount peoples ('hill tribes'), though it is non clear whether these are independent languages, as only Ban Khor Sign Language has been described. Two related deaf-community sign languages adult in Chiangmai and Bangkok; the national Thai Sign Language adult from these under the influence of American Sign Language.
Endangerment status of languages [edit]
The 2014 Ethnologue country written report for Thailand, which uses the EGIDS language endangerment cess calibration,[fifteen] lists one national linguistic communication (Central Thai), ane educational language (Isan), 27 developing languages, 18 vigorous languages, 17 threatened languages, and seven dying languages.[xvi]
Most widely spoken languages [edit]
ICERD 2011 country report information [edit]
The following table shows ethnolinguistic groups in Thailand with equal to or more 400,000 speakers according to the Royal Thai Government'southward 2011 Country Report to the Commission Responsible for the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).[three] :99 and the Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand projection.[four] Note that the caste to which language speakers will take shifted in their idiolects towards Central Thai will depend on standard sociolinguistic factors, like historic period, instruction, gender, and proximity to an urban center.
Ethnolinguistic groups of Thailand with equal to or more than 400,000 speakers [3] :99
| Language | Speakers | Language Family |
|---|---|---|
| Central Thai | 20.0 one thousand thousand | Tai-Kadai |
| Isan | 15.2 million | Tai-Kadai |
| Kham Muang (Northern Thai) | 6.0 million | Tai-Kadai |
| Pak Tai (Southern Thai) | 4.five million | Tai-Kadai |
| Northern Khmer | one.4 million | Austroasiatic |
| Yawi | i.four million | Austronesian |
| Ngaw | 0.5 1000000 | Tai-Kadai |
| Phu Thai | 0.five million | Tai-Kadai |
| Karen | 0.4 million | Sino-Tibetan |
| Kuy | 0.4 million | Austroasiatic |
Ethnologue information [edit]
The figures in the following table are for start language speakers, following Ethnologue.[xvi] Notation that Ethnologue describes 'Isan' as 'Northeastern Thai', following Thai government practice until the 2011 Country Study.
Languages by number of speakers in Thailand with more than 400,000 speakers (with Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale)
| Family | Language | ISO | Speakers | Status (EGIDS)[a] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tai-Kadai | Central Thai | th | 20.2 million | 1 (National) | |
| Northeastern Thai | tts | 15.0 million | 3 (Wider Advice) | ||
| Northern Thai | nod | 6.0 million | 4 (Educational) | ||
| Southern Thai | sou | four.5 million | 5 (Developing) | ||
| Phu Thai | pht | 0.5 million | 6a (Vigorous) | ||
| Austroasiatic | Northern Khmer | kmx | 1.4 million | 5 (Developing) | |
| Austronesian | Yawi | mfa | 1.i meg | 5 (Developing) | |
| Sino-Tibetan | Burmese | my | 0.8 1000000 | Non-ethnic |
a ^ Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) of Ethnologue :
0 (International): "The language is widely used between nations in trade, knowledge exchange, and international policy."
i (National): "The language is used in teaching, work, mass media, and authorities at the national level."
2 (Provincial): "The linguistic communication is used in education, work, mass media, and authorities within major administrative subdivisions of a nation."
3 (Wider Communication): "The linguistic communication is used in work and mass media without official status to transcend language differences across a region."
4 (Educational): "The language is in vigorous use, with standardization and literature being sustained through a widespread system of institutionally supported education."
five (Developing): "The linguistic communication is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized class being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable."
6a (Vigorous): "The linguistic communication is used for face-to-face advice past all generations and the situation is sustainable."
6b (Threatened): "The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but it is losing users."
7 (Shifting): "The child-bearing generation tin use the linguistic communication among themselves, but it is not existence transmitted to children."
8a (Moribund): "The but remaining active users of the linguistic communication are members of the grandparent generation and older."
8b (About Extinct): "The only remaining users of the language are members of the grandparent generation or older who accept piffling opportunity to utilize the language."
9 (Dormant): "The linguistic communication serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more symbolic proficiency."
ten (Extinct): "The linguistic communication is no longer used and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language."
Demography data [edit]
The following table employs 2000 demography data and includes international languages. Caution should be exercised with Thai census data on first language. In Thai censuses, the four largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand (in order, Central Thai, Isan (majority Lao),[17] Kam Mueang, Pak Tai) are non provided as options for language or indigenous group. People stating such a language as a first language, including Lao, are allocated to 'Thai'.[eighteen] This explains the disparity between the three tables in this department. For case, self-reporting as Lao has been prohibited, due to the prohibition of the Lao ethnonym in the context of describing Thai citizens, for approximately ane hundred years.[19] [20] The 2011 Country Study data is therefore more comprehensive in that information technology differentiates between the iv largest Tai-Kadai languages of Thailand and between languages described as 'local languages' and 'dialects and others' in the census.
| Language | Language family | No. of speakers (2000)* | No. of speakers (2010) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thai | Tai-Kadai | 52,325,037 | 59,866,190 |
| Khmer | Austroasiatic | 1,291,024 | 180,533 |
| Malay | Austronesian | 1,202,911 | ane,467,369 |
| Karen | Sino-Tibetan | 317,968 | 441,114 |
| Chinese | Sino-Tibetan | 231,350 | 111,866 |
| Miao | Hmong-Mien | 112,686 | 149,090 |
| Lahu | Sino-Tibetan | 70,058 | - |
| Burmese | Sino-Tibetan | 67,061 | 827,713 |
| Akha | Sino-Tibetan | 54,241 | - |
| English language | Indo-European | 48,202 | 323,779 |
| Tai | Tai-Kadai | 44,004 | 787,696 |
| Japanese | Japonic | 38,565 | 70,667 |
| Lawa | Austroasiatic | 31,583 | - |
| Lisu | Sino-Tibetan | 25,037 | - |
| Vietnamese | Austroasiatic | 24,476 | 8,281 |
| Yao | Hmong-Mien | 21,238 | - |
| Khmu | Austroasiatic | six,246 | - |
| Indian | Indo-European | 5,598 | 22,938 |
| Haw Yunnanese | Sino-Tibetan | 3,247 | - |
| Htin | Austroasiatic | 2,317 | - |
| Local languages | - | 958,251 | |
| Dialect and others in Thailand | 33,481 | 318,012 | |
| Others | 33,481 | 448,160 | |
| Unknown | 325,134 | - | |
| Total: | 56,281,538 | 65,981,659 | |
* In a higher place the age of five
Language education policy [edit]
Thai is the linguistic communication of instruction. The curriculum introduced past the 1999 National Teaching Deed,[22] which introduced 12 years of free teaching, emphasized Thai equally being the national language. The 2008 Basic Educational activity Core Curriculum [23] prioritises Thai, although information technology as well mentions 'dialects' and 'local languages', i.e., indigenous minority languages. The monolingual education system is generally seen as ineffective, with i-third of teenagers functionally illiterate.[24] Illiteracy in Thai is particularly widespread in Thailand'south three southernmost provinces as the Patani dialect of Malay is the mother tongue for the bulk Malay community. International programs and schools which teach, for case, English or Chinese alongside Thai exist, as do a small number of airplane pilot projects to teach ethnic minority languages alongside Thai in Thai schools.[14]
See also [edit]
- Demographics of Thailand
- Indigenous minorities of Thailand
- Kra-dai languages
- Nationality, religion, and language data for the provinces of Thailand
- Southwestern Tai languages
- Thai language
Farther reading [edit]
- Bradley, D. 2007. E and Southeast Asia. In C. Moseley (ed.), Encyclopedia of the earth's endangered languages, pp. 349–424. London: Routledge.
- Bradley, D. 2007. Languages of Mainland S-Eastern asia. In O. Miyaoka, O. Sakiyama, and Yard. E. Krauss (eds.), The vanishing languages of the Pacific Rim, pp. 301–336. Oxford Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press.
- Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand. 2004. (in Thai). Part of the National Culture Commission, Bangkok.
- Lebar, F. G., G. C. Hickey, and J. Chiliad. Musgrave. 1964. Ethnic groups of mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Homo Relations Expanse Files Printing (HRAF).
- Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2007. The Position of Not-Thai Languages in Thailand. In Lee Hock Guan & Fifty. Suryadinata (Eds.), Language, nation and development in Southeast Asia (pp. 181–194). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
- Matisoff, J. A. 1991. Endangered languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. In R. H. Robins and Due east. Chiliad. Uhlenbeck (eds.), Endangered languages, pp. 189–228. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
- Matisoff, J. A., S. P. Baron, and J. B. Lowe. 1996. Languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman. Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Monograph Series ane and two. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Smalley, Due west. 1994. Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Linguistic communication Ecology in Thailand. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Suwilai Premsrirat. 2004. "Using GIS For Displaying An Ethnolinguistic Map of Thailand." In Papers from the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, edited past Somsonge Burusphat. Tempe, Arizona, 599–617. Arizona State University, Programme for Southeast Asian Studies.
References [edit]
- ^ "Thailand". Ethnologue.
- ^ "UNdata | record view | Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence". data.un.org . Retrieved 2020-07-21 .
- ^ a b c d e International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted past States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand (PDF) (in English language and Thai). United Nations Commission on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 28 July 2011. Retrieved eight October 2016.
- ^ a b Ethnolinguistic Maps of Thailand (PDF) (in Thai). Function of the National Culture Committee. 2004. Retrieved viii October 2016.
- ^ "burirum.xls" (PDF) . Retrieved 2017-03-08 .
- ^ http://spider web.nso.go.th/pop2000/finalrep/chanburifn.pdf[ blank URL PDF ]
- ^ "mahakam.xls" (PDF) . Retrieved 2017-03-08 .
- ^ http://spider web.nso.go.th/pop2000/finalrep/roietfn.pdf[ bare URL PDF ]
- ^ "Sakaeo: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Census 1990 and 2000" (PDF) . Retrieved 2017-03-08 .
- ^ "Si Sa Ket: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Census 1990 and 2000" (PDF) . Retrieved 2017-03-08 .
- ^ "Surin: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Demography 1990 and 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-xv. Retrieved 2017-03-08 .
- ^ http://web.nso.become.th/pop2000/finalrep/tratfn.pdf[ bare URL PDF ]
- ^ "Ubon Ratchathani: Key indicators of the population and households, Population and Housing Census 1990 and 2000" (PDF) . Retrieved 2017-03-08 .
- ^ a b Draper, John (2019-04-17), "Language education policy in Thailand", The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 229–242, doi:ten.4324/9781315666235-16, ISBN978-one-315-66623-5
- ^ Lewis, M.P.; Simons, M.F. "Assessing endangerment: Expanding Fishman's GIDS" (PDF). Revue Roumaine de Linguistique. 55: 103–120.
- ^ a b Thousand.P., Lewis; Simons, Grand.F.; Fennog, C.D. (2014). Ethnologue: Languages of Thailand. SIL International.
- ^ Draper, John; Kamnuansilpa, Peerasit (2016). "The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand'south Indigenous Lao Community and Related Policy Questions". Asian Ethnicity. 19: 81–105. doi:x.1080/14631369.2016.1258300. S2CID 151587930.
- ^ Luangthongkum, Theraphan. (2007). The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand. In Lee Hock Guan & L. Suryadinata (Eds.), Language, nation and evolution in Southeast Asia (pp. 181-194). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
- ^ Breazeale, Kennon. (1975). The integration of the Lao states. PhD. dissertation, Oxford Academy.
- ^ Grabowsky, Volker. (1996). The Thai census of 1904: Translation and analysis. In Journal of the Siam Society, 84(one): 49-85.
- ^ Population by language, sexual practice and urban/rural residence, UNSD Demographic Statistics, United nations Statistics Sectionalisation, UNdata, concluding update 5 July 2013.
- ^ National Education Human activity B.E. 2542(1999) (PDF). Bangkok: Ministry of Instruction. 1999.
- ^ The Basic Education Cadre Curriculum B.East. 2551 (A.D. 2008) (PDF). Bangkok: Office of Bones Education. 2008.
- ^ "Thailand Economic Monitor – June 2015: Quality Education for All". World Bank . Retrieved 2020-07-21 .
External links [edit]
- Languages of Thailand at Muturzikin.com
- Languages of Thailand at Ethnologue
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand
0 Response to "How To Say United States In Thai"
Post a Comment